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The Twilight of the Idols

Read by D.E. Wittkower


Friedrich Nietzsche


Of The Twilight of the Idols, Nietzsche says in Ecce Homo: “If anyone should desire to obtain a rapid sketch of how everything before my tim…

Meditations on First Philosophy

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René Descartes


After several years working on a treatise putting forth his mechanistic philosophy and physics, Descartes shelved the project when his conte…

Reflections on War and Death

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Sigmund Freud


Anyone, as Freud tells us in Reflections on War and Death, forced to react against his own impulses may be described as a hypocrite, whether…

Studies in Pessimism

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Arthur Schopenhauer


Arthur Schopenhauer, an early 19th century philosopher, made significant contributions to metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. His work also…

The Enchiridion of Epictetus

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Epictetus


Epictetus (Greek: Επίκτητος; c.55–c.135) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. The name given by his parents, if one was given, is not known - the …

Introduction to The Philosophy of History

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel


The introduction to Hegel's lectures on the philosophy of world history is often used to introduce students to Hegel's philosophy, in part b…

Utilitarianism

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John Stuart Mill


John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. Th…

A Letter Concerning Toleration

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John Locke


Letter Concerning Toleration by John Locke was originally published in 1689. Its initial publication was in Latin, though it was immediately…

Perpetual Peace: A Philosophic Essay (Hastie Translation)

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Immanuel Kant


This essay, written in 1795, puts forth a plan for a lasting peace between nations and peoples. Kant puts forth necessary means to any peace…

The Moral Equivalent of War

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William James


The Moral Equivalent of War, the last public utterance of William James, is significant as expressing the opinions of a practical psychologi…

On the Popular Judgment: That may be Right in Theory, but does not Hold Good in…

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Immanuel Kant


This tripartite essay – published variously as “On the Popular Judgment” (J. Richardson trans.), “On the Old Saw” (E.B. Ashton trans.), or “…

Perpetual Peace, A Philosophic Essay (Trueblood Translation)

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Immanuel Kant


This essay, written in 1795, puts forth a plan for a lasting peace between nations and peoples. Kant puts forth necessary means to any peace…

Of the Injustice of Counterfeiting Books

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Immanuel Kant


This essay of Kant’s on copyright argues that the unlicensed copying of books cannot possibly be permissible, due to the fact that it assume…